Intermittent Shear Stimuli by Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP) Restores Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Diseases. Urano, H, Circulation 102:18 Suppl. II Oct. '00
"As goes the endothelium, so goes the patient" is a scientifically correct statement. The endothelium refers to the thin layer of cells that line our arteries and veins. These cells are essentially tiny hormone and angiochemical producing factories.
They make the "good guys", nitric oxide and VEGF, which promote vascular wall integrity, blood vessel vasodilation, and the growth of new vessels. The endothelium also makes "bad guys", such as endothelin, which promotes vasoconstriction, abnormal clotting, and plaque deposition. Endothelial health determines whether the good guys or bad guy angiochemicals will dominate, and has been shown to be a key indicator of cardiovascular health and long-term outcome.
We can accurately assess endothelial health by measuring brachial artery flow mediated vasodilation. Here we measure the diameter of the brachial artery (the major artery to the arm at the level of the elbow), before and after release of a blood pressure cuff, which had been inflated enough to impair flow to the forearm for five minutes. As blood flow is restored to the forearm, the brachial artery will dilate by 10-12% to accommodate this increased flow, if endothelial function is normal.
If endothelial function is mildly impaired, flow mediated vasodilation will be less than 10%. In patients with established cardiovascular disease, or risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as hypertension, smoking, or high levels of homocysteine or LDL cholesterol, endothelial function may be severely impaired, and the brachial artery will actually constrict.
Indeed, endothelial dysfunction may be a final common pathway through which many of the causes or cardiovascular disease actually cause cardiovascular disease. Multiple studies have shown that the health of the endothelium at a given point in time is a critical determinant of the cardiovascular health and vital status of the patient 2 to 5 years later. Whether we are looking at patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and spasm, individuals with non-obstructive atherosclerosis, or patients with obstructive multi-vessel disease, those with preserved endothelial function do well, while those with impaired endothelial function at baseline are at increased risk for a future adverse cardiac event.
The worse the endothelial function, the greater the likelihood that an event will occur. So far, treatments that improve endothelial function have been shown to improve outcome. Accupril, a prescription agent, improves endothelial function by blocking endothelial bound ACE, a nitric oxide degrader.
Accupril decreases restenosis after angioplasty or stent placement, and the QUO VATUS study showed us that Accupril decreases one-year post-CABG event rate by 80%. Vitamin E blocks endothelial superoxide, another nitric oxide degrader; the CHAOS study demonstrated that vitamin E, begun after angiography, reduced two year event infarction/death rate by 47%. During exercise blood flow velocity and quantity increase, exerting a radial shearing stress on the endothelium.
A healthy endothelium, and to a somewhat lesser extent an unhealthy endothelium, will respond by elaborating more nitric oxide. Nitric oxide will in turn improve endothelial function, dilating the vessel to accommodate the increased flow, and will promote collateral generation. Exercise leads to an increase in nitric oxide and multiple studies have shown that regular exercise improves outcome - this is why cardiac rehab programs are so helpful.
To answer this question, Urano measured flow mediated brachial artery vasodilation, a reproducible, accurate measure of systemic and coronary endothelial function, before and after a 35-hour course of EECP, given to stable angina patients with documented coronary disease and abnormal stress EKG studies. The patients' clinical status and treadmill findings improved, consistent with all prior studies.
"As goes the endothelium, so goes the patient" is a scientifically correct statement. The endothelium refers to the thin layer of cells that line our arteries and veins. These cells are essentially tiny hormone and angiochemical producing factories.
They make the "good guys", nitric oxide and VEGF, which promote vascular wall integrity, blood vessel vasodilation, and the growth of new vessels. The endothelium also makes "bad guys", such as endothelin, which promotes vasoconstriction, abnormal clotting, and plaque deposition. Endothelial health determines whether the good guys or bad guy angiochemicals will dominate, and has been shown to be a key indicator of cardiovascular health and long-term outcome.
We can accurately assess endothelial health by measuring brachial artery flow mediated vasodilation. Here we measure the diameter of the brachial artery (the major artery to the arm at the level of the elbow), before and after release of a blood pressure cuff, which had been inflated enough to impair flow to the forearm for five minutes. As blood flow is restored to the forearm, the brachial artery will dilate by 10-12% to accommodate this increased flow, if endothelial function is normal.
If endothelial function is mildly impaired, flow mediated vasodilation will be less than 10%. In patients with established cardiovascular disease, or risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as hypertension, smoking, or high levels of homocysteine or LDL cholesterol, endothelial function may be severely impaired, and the brachial artery will actually constrict.
Indeed, endothelial dysfunction may be a final common pathway through which many of the causes or cardiovascular disease actually cause cardiovascular disease. Multiple studies have shown that the health of the endothelium at a given point in time is a critical determinant of the cardiovascular health and vital status of the patient 2 to 5 years later. Whether we are looking at patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and spasm, individuals with non-obstructive atherosclerosis, or patients with obstructive multi-vessel disease, those with preserved endothelial function do well, while those with impaired endothelial function at baseline are at increased risk for a future adverse cardiac event.
The worse the endothelial function, the greater the likelihood that an event will occur. So far, treatments that improve endothelial function have been shown to improve outcome. Accupril, a prescription agent, improves endothelial function by blocking endothelial bound ACE, a nitric oxide degrader.
Accupril decreases restenosis after angioplasty or stent placement, and the QUO VATUS study showed us that Accupril decreases one-year post-CABG event rate by 80%. Vitamin E blocks endothelial superoxide, another nitric oxide degrader; the CHAOS study demonstrated that vitamin E, begun after angiography, reduced two year event infarction/death rate by 47%. During exercise blood flow velocity and quantity increase, exerting a radial shearing stress on the endothelium.
A healthy endothelium, and to a somewhat lesser extent an unhealthy endothelium, will respond by elaborating more nitric oxide. Nitric oxide will in turn improve endothelial function, dilating the vessel to accommodate the increased flow, and will promote collateral generation. Exercise leads to an increase in nitric oxide and multiple studies have shown that regular exercise improves outcome - this is why cardiac rehab programs are so helpful.
To answer this question, Urano measured flow mediated brachial artery vasodilation, a reproducible, accurate measure of systemic and coronary endothelial function, before and after a 35-hour course of EECP, given to stable angina patients with documented coronary disease and abnormal stress EKG studies. The patients' clinical status and treadmill findings improved, consistent with all prior studies.
Flow mediated brachial artery vasodilation, significantly impaired at baseline at 4%, improved 3-fold following EECP to 12%, essentially a normal value. It's becoming clear that EECP decreases symptoms and improves outcome not just by forcing open collaterals, but also by improving the patient's biochemistry and endothelial function.
It hasn't been studied yet, but it is my impression that measures designed to improve endothelial function, such as tissue specific ACE inhibitors, arginine, omega-3 essential fatty acids, and anti-oxidants, improve and extend the patient's response to external counterpulsation. These agents all have beneficial effects on their own, so now I typically place new EECP patients on an "endothelial cocktail" of these treatments, and continue it post-EECP.
10a. Endothelial function in patients with severe coronary artery disease treated with enhanced external counterpulsation (ECPT). Schechter, M, et al. European Heart Journal (2002) 23 (Abstract Supplement) - P2363, page 463.
Urano's study, abstracted above, demonstrates that EECP restores endothelial function in patients with coronary insufficiency, certainly a good thing; his study was carried out in Japan. In this paper, Schechter and colleagues repeat Urano's study, here in an Israeli population of inoperable coronary patients with persistent class 3 to 4 symptoms.
Their normal range was not given, and may be different from Urano's (different researchers may use different measuring techniques so their "normal" values may be different), but in Schecter's population, just as in Urano's, percent flow mediated vasodilation, the measure of endothelial tone.
increased with external counterpulsation, here from 3.5 to 8.2%, coincident with a reduction in average NTG need from 4.7 to 0.4 tabs per day, and an improvement in functional class from 3.3 to 2.0. No matter which continent you use it in, or what you call it (EECP in the US, Asia, and Europe or ECPT in Israel), external counterpulsation works. Endothelial function, the critical predictor of cardiovascular health and outlook, improves, while previously treatment refractory symptoms recede or resolve.
It hasn't been studied yet, but it is my impression that measures designed to improve endothelial function, such as tissue specific ACE inhibitors, arginine, omega-3 essential fatty acids, and anti-oxidants, improve and extend the patient's response to external counterpulsation. These agents all have beneficial effects on their own, so now I typically place new EECP patients on an "endothelial cocktail" of these treatments, and continue it post-EECP.
10a. Endothelial function in patients with severe coronary artery disease treated with enhanced external counterpulsation (ECPT). Schechter, M, et al. European Heart Journal (2002) 23 (Abstract Supplement) - P2363, page 463.
Urano's study, abstracted above, demonstrates that EECP restores endothelial function in patients with coronary insufficiency, certainly a good thing; his study was carried out in Japan. In this paper, Schechter and colleagues repeat Urano's study, here in an Israeli population of inoperable coronary patients with persistent class 3 to 4 symptoms.
Their normal range was not given, and may be different from Urano's (different researchers may use different measuring techniques so their "normal" values may be different), but in Schecter's population, just as in Urano's, percent flow mediated vasodilation, the measure of endothelial tone.
increased with external counterpulsation, here from 3.5 to 8.2%, coincident with a reduction in average NTG need from 4.7 to 0.4 tabs per day, and an improvement in functional class from 3.3 to 2.0. No matter which continent you use it in, or what you call it (EECP in the US, Asia, and Europe or ECPT in Israel), external counterpulsation works. Endothelial function, the critical predictor of cardiovascular health and outlook, improves, while previously treatment refractory symptoms recede or resolve.
