Heart failure is a serious medical condition where the heart does not pump blood throughout the body as well as it should. 

Clinical studies prove that EECP® decreases the heart's work load and reduces stress on the heart. This results in the heart strongly pumping blood around the body and delivering enough oxygen and nourishment to all organs. Oxygenated blood circulates through the coronary arteries to feed the heart muscle, strengthening and rejuvenating heart tissue.

With consistent courses of EECP®, heart failure can be improved. 

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Clinical Studies
More than 200 articles and studies on EECP® have been published in leading cardiology journals, all supporting the treatment's safety and effectiveness. We hope you find this sampling helpful, and we will continue to update this section as often as possible.

• Predictors of benefit in angina patients one year after completing enhanced external counterpulsation: initial responders to treatment versus nonresponders.
  Lawson WE, Hui JC, Kennard ED, Barsness G, Kelsey SF; IEPR investigators.
  Cardiology. 2005;103(4):201-6. Epub 2005 Apr 13.


• An update on enhanced external counterpulsation. 
  Shea ML, Conti CR, Arora RR.
  Clinical Cardiology. 2005 Mar;28(3):115-8. Review.


• Enhanced external counterpulsation: a new technique to augment renal function in liver cirrhosis.
  Werner D, Tragner P, Wawer A, Porst H, Daniel WG, Gross P.
  Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 2005 May;20(5):920-6. Epub 2005 Mar 23.


• Enhanced External Counterpulsation.
  Brosche TA, Middleton SK, Boogaard RG.
  Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing. 2005 September/October;23(5):208-214

• Enhanced external counter pulsation (EECP) as a novel treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS): a preliminary test of the vascular neurologic hypothesis for RLS.
  Rajaram SS, Shanahan J, Ash C, Walters AS, Weisfogel G.
  Sleep Medicine. 2005 Mar;6(2):101-6. Epub 2005 Jan 24.

• Angina patients with diastolic versus systolic heart failure demonstrate comparable immediate and one-year benefit from enhanced external counterpulsation.
  Lawson WE, Silver MA, Hui JC, Kennard ED, Kelsey SF.
  Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2005 Feb;11(1):61-6.

• Frequency and efficacy of repeat enhanced external counterpulsation for stable angina pectoris (from the International EECP Patient Registry).
  Michaels AD, Barsness GW, Soran O, Kelsey SF, Kennard ED, Hui JC, Lawson WE; International EECP Patient Registry Investigators. 
  American Journal of Cardiology. 2005 Feb 1;95(3):394-7.

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• Effects of enhanced external counterpulsation on hemodynamics and its mechanism.
  Taguchi I, Ogawa K, Kanaya T, Matsuda R, Kuga H, Nakatsugawa M.
  Circulation Journal. 2004 Nov;68(11):1030-4.


• Effectiveness of enhanced external counterpulsation in patients with left main disease and angina.
  Lawson WE, Hui JC, Barsness GW, Kennard ED, Kelsey SF; IEPR Investigators.
  Clinical Cardiology. 2004 Aug;27(8):459-63.


• Accelerated reperfusion of poorly perfused retinal areas in central retinal artery occlusion and branch retinal artery occlusion after a short treatment with enhanced external counterpulsation.
  Werner D, Michalk F, Harazny J, Hugo C, Daniel WG, Michelson G.
  Retina. 2004 Aug;24(4):541-7.


• Enhanced external counterpulsation improves skin oxygenation and perfusion.
  Hilz MJ, Werner D, Marthol H, Flachskampf FA, Daniel WG.
  European Journal of Clinical Investigations. 2004 Jun;34(6):385-91.


• Successful treatment of symptomatic coronary endothelial dysfunction with enhanced external counterpulsation.
  Bonetti PO, Gadasalli SN, Lerman A, Barsness GW.
  Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2004 May;79(5):690-2.


• Two-year outcomes after enhanced external counterpulsation for stable angina pectoris (from the International EECP Patient Registry [IEPR]).
  Michaels AD, Linnemeier G, Soran O, Kelsey SF, Kennard ED.
  American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 Feb 15;93(4):461-4.


• A New Treatment Modality in Heart Failure Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP)
  Soran O.
  Cardiology in Review. 2004 Jan-Feb;12(1):15-20.


• Enhanced External Counterpulsation as Initial Revascularization Treatment for Angina Refractory to Medical Therapy
  Fitzgerald CP, Lawson WE, Hui JC, Kennard ED; IEPR Investigators.
  Cardiology. 2003;100(3):129-35.


• Enhanced External Counterpulsation and Functional Improvement in Octogenarians with Symptomatic Ischemic Heart Disease
  Braverman D, Wechsler B.
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 Sept;84(9):A10.


• Enhanced External Counterpulsation in the Management of Angina in the Elderly
  Linnemeier G, Michaels AD, Soran O, Kennard ED; International EECP Registry (IEPR) Investigators.
  American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 2003 Mar-Apr;12(2):90-6.


• Ongoing and Planned Studies of Enhanced External Counterpulsation
  Conti CR.
  Clinical Cardiology. 2002 Dec;25(12 Suppl 2):II26-28.


• Treatment Options for Angina Pectoris and the Future Role of Enhanced External Counterpulsation
  Holmes DR Jr.
  Clinical Cardiology. 2002 Dec;25(12 Suppl 2):II22-25.


• Current Use of Enhanced External Counterpulsation and Patient Selection
  Lawson WE.
  Clinical Cardiology. 2002 Dec;25(12 Suppl 2):II16-21.


• Enhanced External Counterpulsation: Mechanism of Action
  Feldman AM.
  Clinical Cardiology. 2002 Dec;25(12 Suppl 2):II11-15.


• A Review of Enhanced External Counterpulsation Clinical Trials
  Beller GA.
  Clinical Cardiology. 2002 Dec;25(12 Suppl 2):II6-10.


• A Historical Overview of Enhanced External Counterpulsation
  DeMaria AN.
  Clinical Cardiology. 2002 Dec;25(12 Suppl 2):II3-5.


• Enhanced External Counterpulsation as Treatment for Chronic Angina in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction: A Report from the International EECP Patient Registry (IEPR)
  Soran O, Kennard ED, Kelsey SF, Holubkov R, Strobeck J, Feldman AM.
  Congestive Heart Failure. 2002 Nov-Dec;8(6):297-302.


• Left Ventricular Systolic Unloading and Augmentation of Intracoronary Pressure and Doppler Flow During Enhanced External Counterpulsation
  Michaels AD, Accad M, Ports TA, Grossman W.
  Circulation. 2002 Sep 3;106(10):1237-1242.


• Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Patients with Heart Failure: A Multicenter Feasibility Study
  Soran O, Fleishman B, Demarco T, Grossman W, Schneider VM, Manzo K, de Lame PA, Feldman AM.
  Congestive Heart Failure. 2002 Jul-Aug;8(4)204-8, 227.


• Relation of the Pattern of Diastolic Augmentation During a Course of Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP) to Clinical Benefit [from the International EECP Patient Registry (IEPR)]
  Lakshmi MV, Kennard ED, Kelsey SF, Holubkov R, Michaels AD.
  American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 Jun 1;89(11):1303-1305.


• Comparison of Patients Undergoing Enhanced External Counterpulsation and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Stable Angina Pectoris
  Holubkov R, Kennard ED, Foris JM, Kelsey SF, Soran O, Williams DO, Holmes Jr. DR.
  The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 May 15;89:1182-1186.


• Effects of Enhanced External Counterpulsation on Stress Radionuclide Coronary Perfusion and Exercise Capacity in Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris
  Stys TP, Lawson WE, Hui JCK, Fleishman B, Manzo K, Strobeck JE, Tartaglia J, Ramasamy S, Suwita R, Zheng ZS, Liang H, Werner D.
  The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 Apr 1;89(7):822-824.


• Effects of Enhanced External Counterpulsation on Health-Related Quality of Life Continue 12 Months After Treatment: A Substudy of the Multicenter Study of Enhanced External Counterpulsation
  Arora RR, Chou TM, Jain D, Fleishman B, Crawford L, McKiernan T, Nesto R, Ferrans CE, Keller S.
  Journal of Investigative Medicine. 2002 Jan;50(1):25-32.


• Acute and Chronic Hemodynamic Effects of Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Patients with Angina Pectoris
  Arora RR, Carlucci ML, Malone AM, Baron NV.
  Journal of Investigative Medicine. 2001 Nov;49(6):500-504.


• Acute Hemodynamic Effects and Angina Improvement with Enhanced External Counterpulsation
  Stys T, Lawson WE, Hui JCK, Lang G, Liuzzo J, Cohn PF.
  Angiology. 2001 Oct;52(10):653-658.
  
  
• Benefit and Safety of Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Treating Coronary Artery Disease Patients with a History of Congestive Heart Failure
  Lawson WE, Kennard ED, Holubkov R, Kelsey SF, Strobeck JE, Soran O, Feldman AM.
  Cardiology. 2001;96(2):78-84.


• Enhanced External Counterpulsation Improved Myocardial Perfusion and Coronary Flow Reserve in Patients with Chronic Stable Angina; Evaluation by 13N-Ammonia Positron Emission Tomography
  Masuda D, Nohara R, Hirai T, Kataoka K, Chen LG, Hosokawa R, Inubushi M, Tadamura E, Fujita M, Sasayama S.
  European Heart Journal. 2001 Aug;22(16):1451-1458.


• Psychosocial Effects of Enhanced External Counterpulsation in the Angina Patient: A Second Study
  Springer S, Fife A, Lawson W, Hui JCK, Jandorf L, Cohn PF, Fricchione G.
  Psychosomatics. 2001 Mar-Apr;42(2):124-132.


• Enhanced External Counterpulsation Improves Exercise Tolerance, Reduces Exercise-Induced Myocardial Ischemia and Improves Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
  Urano H, Ikeda H, Ueno T, Matsumoto T, Murohara T, Imaizumi T.
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001 Jan;37(1):93-99.


• Comparison of Hemodynamic Effects of Enhanced External Counterpulsation and Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
  Taguchi I, Ogawa K, Oida A, Abe S, Kaneko N, Sakio H.
  The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 Nov 15;86(10):1139-1141.


• Treatment Benefit in the Enhanced External Counterpulsation Consortium
  Lawson WE, Hui JCK, Lang G. 
  Cardiology. 2000;94(1):31-35.


• Noninvasive Revascularization by Enhanced External Counterpulsation: A Case Study and Literature Review
  Singh M, Holmes Jr. DR, Tajik AJ, Barsness GW.
  Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000 Sep;75(9):961-965.


• Long-Term Prognosis of Patients with Angina Treated with Enhanced External Counterpulsation: Five-Year Follow-Up Study
  Lawson WE, Hui JCK, Cohn PF. 
  Clinical Cardiology. 2000 Apr;23(4):254-258.


• Pneumatic External Counterpulsation: A New Noninvasive Method to Improve Organ Perfusion
  Werner D, Schneider M, Weise M, Nonnast-Daniel B, Daniel WG.
  The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 Oct 15;84(8):950-952.


• The Multicenter Study of Enhanced External Counterpulsation (MUST-EECP): Effect of EECP on Exercise-Induced Myocardial Ischemia and Anginal Episodes
  Arora RR, Chou TM, Jain D, Fleishman B, Crawford L, McKiernan T, Nesto R.
  The Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999 Jun;33(7):1833-1840.


• Improvement of Regional Myocardial and Coronary Blood Flow Reserve in a Patient Treated with Enhanced External Counterpulsation:  Evaluation by Nitrogen-13 Ammonia PET
  Masuda D, Nohara R, Inada H, Hirai T, Li-Guang C, Kanda H, Inubushi M, Tadamura E, Fujita M, Sasayama S.
  Japanese Circulation Journal. 1999 May;63(5):407-411.


• Enhanced External Counterpulsation as a New Treatment Modality for Patients with Erectile Dysfunction
  Froschermaier SE, Werner D, Leike S, Schneider M, Waltenberger J, Daniel WG, Wirth MP.
  Urologia Internationalis. 1998;61(3):168-171.


• Prior Revascularization Increases the Effectiveness of Enhanced External Counterpulsation
  Lawson WE, Hui JCK, Guo T, Burger L, Cohn PF.
  Clinical Cardiology. 1998 Nov;21(11):841-844.


• Three-Year Sustained Benefit from Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Chronic Angina Pectoris
  Lawson WE, Hui JCK, Zheng ZS, Oster Z, Katz JP, Diggs P, Burger L, Cohn CD, Soroff HS, Cohn PF.
  The American Journal of Cardiology. 1995 Apr 15;75:840-841.